A D V E N T U R E S in C Y B E R S O U N DMagic Machines : A History of the Moving Image from Antiqity to 1900
"Up to 1825, demonstration was confined to exhibiting the same object in more than once place at once; but in 1826 or thereabouts it was rendered possible to see two different objects in the same place at the same time - the Thaumatrope." Hopwood, 'Living Pictures', 1899 Thaumatrope - 1826 Optical toy devised by Dr. John Ayrton Paris the Thaumatrope ('magical' or 'wonder' turning) consisted of a round disk, mounted on a string, with a picture on each side. When the disk was twirled rapidly the images appeared superimposed. The Thaumatrope is considered to be the earliest of the nineteenth-century optical illusion toys which, by exploiting the phenomenon of 'persistence of vision', foreshadowed the development of cinema. also.. John A. Paris claims discovery of the Thaumatrope in his book Philosophy in Sport made Science in Ernest. Hopwood, 'Living Pictures', 1899. (Phillip) Carpenter attributes discovery of the Thaumatrope to William Wollaston. Hopwood, 'Living Pictures', 1899. Charles Babbage autobiography - Passages from the Life of a Philosopher attributes discovery of the Thaumatrope to John Herschel (theory) and then the first practical device to a Dr. Fitton. Hopwood, 'Living Pictures', 1899. In 1827 - Sir David Brewster - article - attributing discovery of the Thaumatrope to John A. Paris - Edinb. Jl. iv. 87 Hopwood, 'Living Pictures', 1899. You may also wish to read more about 'persistence of vision'
Wheel of Life (Faraday's Wheel) - 1830/31 Optical device by Michael Faraday. You may also wish to read more about Michael Faraday also.. 1825 - Peter Mark Roget discusses apparent distortion of the spokes of a rotating wheel when seen through a fence [a set of vertical slots] spokes appear curved - Anorthoscopic phenomena. Hopwood, 'Living Pictures', 1899. You may also wish to read more about Peter Roget 1828 - Joseph Ferdinand Plateau experiments with two spinning cogged wheels - corresp. Math. De Quetelet iv. 373 Hopwood, 'Living Pictures', 1899. You may also wish to read more about Joseph Plateau 1829 - Joseph Ferdinand Plateau experiments with two spinning cogged wheels - corresp. Math. De Quetelet vi. 121 Hopwood, 'Living Pictures', 1899. 1831 - Michael Faraday and Aime - experiments with two spinning cogged wheels - makes 'Faraday's Wheel' - article - Jl. R. Inst. i. 205 Hopwood, 'Living Pictures', 1899. 1831 - Joseph Ferdinand Plateau experiments with two spinning cogged wheels - article - Ann. de chemie et de phys (2), xlviii. 281 Hopwood, 'Living Pictures', 1899.
Phenakistiscope - 1831/33 (also Phenakistoscope and Phenakistascope) * Optical toy claimed to have been devised by Peter Mark Roget prior to that of Joseph Ferdinand Plateau. also.. Greek for 'deceitful view', The Phenakistiscope was devised by Belgian optician Joseph Ferdinand Plateau (1801 - 1883) in 1832 and published in early 1833. A series of separate pictures depicting stages of an activity such as juggling or dancing were arranged around the edges of a slotted disk. When the disk was placed before a mirror and spun a spectator looking through the slots perceived a moving picture. A further development separated the image disk and the slotted disk so doing away with the need for a mirror. The Phenakistiscope was marketed in England by Rudolph Ackermann as the Phantasmascope and later the Fantascope. The device was also often known/referred to/sold under the name of The Magic Wheel, The Magic Wheel of Life or The Wheel of Life terms also applied to its natural descendant the Zoetrope. * there is also a spelling Phenakisticope seen on early models and almost certainly a misprint repeated in future written accounts - Coe, B., 'A History of Movie Photography'. also.. The first scientist to prove this experimentally was the Belgian physician Joseph Ferdinand Plateau in 1827. The instrument he called Fenaikisticope, (the term was coined from the Greek fenax,akos: delusive, and skopein: examine) consisted of a revolving disc, held in the hand by a handle, with openings cut on its rim and drawings depicting phases of motion on its other side. When the disc was rolled the drawings, as if in continuous motion, melted into a continuous whole in a mirror placed opposite the observer. also.. Joseph Ferdinand Plateau sends details of Phenakistoscope (and device ?) to Michael Faraday in November - details published February, 1833 - Obs. De Bruxelles, vii.365 and Ann. de chemie et de phys (2), liii. 304 Hopwood, 'Living Pictures', 1899.
Pleorama - 1832 In 1832, Gropius was astounding Paris with his Pleorama. The audience was transformed into the crew aboard a ship engaged in battle. Fire, screaming, sailors, drowning.
Stroboscope - 1832/34 Devised by Simon von Stampfer - Stroboscope - December 1832
Simon von Stampfer's Stroboscope, 1832
Image Source: Pfragner, J., The Motion Picture
Stampfer also suggests use of bands in early stroboscope discussion "...a long endless band might be passed over two rollers, providing that suitable means were employed in order to interrupt the light at correct intervals of time". - article - 1834 K.K. polytech. Institut, Wien. Jahrbucher, xviii. 237. Hopwood, 'Living Pictures', 1899. In 1835 - Snell writes an article referring to the stroboscope as the Phantascope or Kaleidorama - Sill. Jl. (1), xxvii. 310. Hopwood, 'Living Pictures', 1899.
Daedalum - 1834 Devised by William G. Horner (1786 - 1837) his Daedalum or Wheel of the Devil was a development of the Phenakistoscope. It consisted of a cylinder with a series of photographs or illustrations on the interior and regularly spaced slits through which a spectator observed the drawings which appeared to move. The Daedalum was not commercially developed for more than 30 years until in 1867, when it was patented almost simultaneously in England by Milton Bradley and in America by William F. Lincoln, who gave it the name ofZoetrope Greek for "life" and "turning" and now more optimistically dubbed The Wheel of Life. "...the apparatus is merely a hollow cylinder, or a moderately high margin, with apertures at equal distances , and placed cylindrically round the edge of a revolving disk. Any drawings which are made on the interior surface in the intervals of the apertures will be visible through the opposite apertures and if executed on the same principle of graduated action will produce the same surprising play of relative motions as the common magic disk does when spun before a mirror....I have given this instrument the name of Daedaleum, as imitating the practice which the celebrated artist of antiquity was fabled to have invented, of creating figures of men an animals endued with motion" - the Phil. Mag. (3), iv. 36. Hopwood, 'Living Pictures', 1899. You may also wish to read more about William Horner
We are familiar with the design of Henry Heyl's Phasmatrope, of Muybridges's Zoopraxiscope, of Anschutzen's Tachyloskop and its further development into the electric Schnellseher, of Demeny's Phonoskop or of Marey's photographic gun plates: in the tradition of the Lebensrad of the 1830s and 40s, before film became footage it was painted or mounted on round flat disks. Narratively, it represented a short closed circuit repeatable in quick succession in the same or a similar way, ad infinitum. http://ctheory.aec.at/ga1.11-media_archaeology.html
Anorthoscope - 1836 Persistence of Vision investigated by Joseph F. Plateau - he invents the Anorthoscope which reversed the illusion observed by Roget in 1825 which gives a correct image from a distorted original - article - Bull. Acad. Bruxelles (1), iii. 7. Hopwood, 'Living Pictures', 1899.
Stereoscope - 1838 Physicist Sir Charles Wheatstone invents an optical viewing device, the stereoscope. With the aid of strategically placed mirrors, two slightly different pictures converge when seen through the apparatus, thereby giving a sense of depth to the image.
Charles Wheatstone's Stereoscope - 1838
Image Source: to be researched
You may also wish to read more about Charles Wheatstone In 1849, David Brewster will improve the stereoscope and the twin camera, enhancing the three dimensional realism when pictures are viewed. You may also wish to read more about 3-D photography and Anaglyphs
Projector - 1838 Devised by 'Sun F' ? with Abbot Moigno? http://photoscope.com/Guidz/A_Z/Chron.htm
Room Daguerrienne - 1839 Devised by Charles Knight http://photoscope.com/Guidz/A_Z/Chron.htm also see entry at 1854 for 'The Cosmorama'
Melting Sights - 1839 (more normally referred to as Dissolving Views) Devised by Henry Langdon Child(e) http://photoscope.com/Guidz/A_Z/Chron.htm
Room Daguerrienne - 1841 Devised by Brebisson http://photoscope.com/Guidz/A_Z/Chron.htm
Projection Accessory - 1843 Device (probably to be used in a lantern)devised by T. W. Taylor of Newcastle-Upon-Tyne - a two disk arrangement one of images one of apertures revolving in the same direction.
Panoramic Room - 1845 Devised by Frederic Martens http://photoscope.com/Guidz/A_Z/Chron.htm
Mist Pictures - 1844 (more normally referred to as 'Dissolving Views') Devised by Ludwig Dobler. The following was a description from a text for sale (Feb 1988) regarding Dobler's work. [Döbler, L.L.; Naylor, T.W.] Die verschwimmenden und die beweglichen Bilder. Zwei neue Anwendungen der Lanterna Magica... Leipzig, J.J. Weber. 1844. Sfr. 480. In 'Illustrierter Zeitung' [Leipziger Zeitung], Vol. 2 [May 11th], p. 314 with illustration. The volume is profusely illustrated with fine woodcuts. [2]. 428 pp. Folio. Attractive half calf with gilt label and marbled boards - First few pages a little spotted; last leaf with tear. Hecht 180A. The report appears to be the same, if not similar, to that published in the Polytechnisches Journal in the same year, except that this publication contains a good woodcut of Naylor's modified Magic Lantern. At first, dissolving views were called 'verschwimmende Bilder', with Döbler later referring to them as 'Nebelbilder'. The article begins by describing the success of Döbler in the Adelaide Gallery and the Polytechnic Institution, describing his dissolving effects, both in relation to light and image. In addition, the article describes Naylor's apparatus, without mentioning his name, with which he was able to apply phenakistiskope discs to projection with the magic lantern.
Lamposcope - mid 1800's Devised by ? - 'Magic Lantern' attachment for standard domestic paraffin table lamp.
 Lamposcope, c.1850
Magic Lantern - 1848 Devised by Langenheimer http://photoscope.com/Guidz/A_Z/Chron.htm
Projector - 1849 Devised by Joseph Ferdinand Plateau - based on Anorthoscope - 16 images on a rotating glass disk - in front of this disk another disk with four slots rotating in the reverse direction at 4 times speed of image disk - article - Bull. Acad. Bruxelles (1), xvi. Pt. 1. 424, 588; pt. ii. 30, 254. Hopwood, 'Living Pictures', 1899.
Camera - 1851 Devised by William Henry Fox Talbot - an apparatus for making instantaneous pictures of moving objects by "the instantaneous light of an electric battery ...the rapidity of the motion not affecting the accuracy of the delineation" British Patent 13, 664, June 12 - later disclaimed? Hopwood, 'Living Pictures', 1899.
Projector - 1851/52 (possibly Bioscope also possibly Stereofantascope of 1858) Devised by Jules Duboscq patent only - describes the use of photographs in Phenikistiscopes and Zoetropes (more properly at this time called Daedalums). The following is a description of a text for sale from http://antiquarian.com/scuriosa/default.html (Feb 1988) regarding Duboscq's work [Lissajous] Neueste Verbesserungen am Stereoskop, von dem Optiker Duboscq in Paris... Stuttgart & Augsburg, J.G. Cotta. 1858. Sfr. 220. In 'Polytechnisches Journal (Dinglers)', Vol. 147, pp. 358-362 with illustration on plate VI. The volume is illustrated with 7 folded plates. (xii), [1], 468 pp. 8vo. Contemporary half calf with printed label to spine. Hecht 218G. German edition of Lissajous original article in the Bulletin de la Société d'encouragement pour l'industrie nationale. Lissajous had been asked by the Comité des arts économiques to give an assessment of Duboscq's stereoscopes, among them the Stéréofantascope. Although he finds it remarkable in providing the solution to a difficult problem, he feels it's commercial prospects to be low due to the expense involved [Liesegang]. You may also wish to read more about Jules Duboscq
Projector - c.1851-1853 Device devised by Franz von Uchatius - a projecting version of Simon Stampfer's Stroboscope - a two disk arrangement one of images one of apertures revolving in opposite directions.
Franz von Uchatius' - Projector c.1851/53
Image Source: Pfragner, J., The Motion Picture
1851/53 - Franz von Uchatius - Projector [made by Prokesch] - multiple images on glass disk - adjustable lenses - moving light source - shown to Vienna Academy of Sciences in 1853 - published 1853 - Wiener Akad. Sitz.-Ber. x. 482. Hopwood, 'Living Pictures', 1899.
Projector? - 1853 Devised by Antoine F. J. Claudet - shutter eclipsed, stereoscopic views - British Patent 711, March 23. Hopwood, 'Living Pictures', 1899. You may also wish to read more about Antoine Claudet
Cosmorama - 1854 Devised by Charles Knight - stereoscopic device fitted with hinged flaps at the top and back, linked so that transformations could be made with paper transparencies. Also referred to by an older name 'Room Daguerrinne' http://photoscope.com/Guidz/A_Z/Chron.htm
Cosmoscope - ? c.1850s Devised by 'Frith'
Kinimoscope - 1856 (Kinemoscope?) Devised by A. D. Jundzill - British Patent 1,245, May 24 - two revolving disks - stereoscopic - viewed in a mirror through third slotted disk. Hopwood, 'Living Pictures', 1899.
Kalotrope - 1856 Optical Projector devised by W. W. Rose - a stroboscopic device which produced complex symmetrical designs from commonplace originals. Hopwood, 'Living Pictures', 1899.
Camera Zootropica (Omniscope?) - 1859 Projector devised by Thomas Du Mont - capable of reproducing the phases of movement in 12 successive images.
Polyrama Panoptique - 1860 Optical toy devised by Pierre Seguin - a development of the Protean View of the 1820s and 1830s.
Polyorama Panoptique
Image Source:Francois Binetruy Collection cited in Erkki Huhtamo's Polyorama Panoptique essay.
Cosmoramic Stereoscope - 1860 Devised by ? - and similar to Polyrama Panoptique but used photographs instead of painted scenes. Hopwood, 'Living Pictures', 1899. Is this possibly Frith's Cosmoramic Stereoscope?
'Zoetrope' - 1860 Devised by P. H. Desvignes - Zoetrope device - French Patent 537, February 27 - [no name given - also suggests use of bands]. Hopwood, 'Living Pictures', 1899.
'Zoetrope' - 1860 Devised by W. T. Shaw - Revolving octagonal drums [vertically orientated Zoetrope] - British Patent 1,260, May 22 - one image drum - one slotted drum - published 1861 - Phil. Mag. (4) xxii. 537. Hopwood, 'Living Pictures', 1899.
Chromatrope - 1860 The following is from an 1860 catalogue (Casella, L.P., "Illustrated and Descriptive Catalogue of Philosophical, Meteorological...," London, 1860.) "Chromatropes, producing beautiful revolving circles, etc., of colored lights infinitely varied; as exhibited at the Royal Polytechnic Institutions." and a comment from the holding museum... "These particular chromatropes have the largest glass circles of any advertised. Out of the original set of twelve, only five are in good condition. They are inscribed in India ink "Invented and painted by H. Childe." http://www.transy.edu/museum/philo.htm
Projector - 1861 Devised by H(enri) Du Mont - apparatus for "reproducing successive phases of motion" - British Patent 1,457, June 8 - also stating "...photographers ...have never thought ...to reproduce several successive ones (images), or the successive phases produced by motion". Hopwood, 'Living Pictures', 1899.
'Peep Show' Machine - 1861 Devised by Samuel Goodale in Cincinnati, USA http://www.humnet.ucla.edu/humnet/classics/Cl42Lect1.html
Kinamatoscope - 1861 Developed in Philadelphia, USA., by Charles Coleman Sellers, this antecedent of the cinema consisted of a series of stereoscopic pictures printed on glass plates which were strung together by chain mounted in a box. The spectator turned a crank and saw moving images. [This suggests some form of Mutoscope device] You may also wish to read more about Charles Coleman Sellers also... "The picture series were first made in a camera in 1860, to the best of my knowledge, by Charles Coleman Sellers, an engineer, who, in one form, pasted the photo prints on an endless band for exhibition" Sellers, Charles, C., US Patent 31,357, issued February 5, 1861 C. Francis Jenkins, 1920, History of the Motion Picture cited in: Fielding, Raymond, 1967, A Technological History of Motion Pictures and Television
Megalethoscope - 1862 (also Alethoscope ?) Devised by Carlo Ponti
Pepper's Ghost - 1863 Using the work of civil engineer Henry Dircks as a foundation, analytical chemist 'Professor' John Henry Pepper creates a machine that uses mirrors and lenses to project a ghostly image. 'Pepper's Ghost' is demonstrated at London's Royal Polytechnic Institute.
 The Pepper's Ghost Illusion A larger version may be downloaded
You may also wish to read more about 'Professor' John Henry Pepper
Camera - 1864 Devised by Louis Ducos de Hauron (1837 - 1920) (never built? - see below). also.. Devised by Louis Ducos de Hauron - French Patent 61,976, "an apparatus for the photographic reproduction of any scene whatever, with all the changes which it has undergone during a specified time". Hopwood, 'Living Pictures', 1899. also... Described in a French publication? March 1, 1864 "a flexible picture band carried along by a sprocketed drum sychronously with a plurality [eight] of lenses" Unpublished French Patent July 5, 1864 C. Francis Jenkins, 1920, History of the Motion Picture cited in: Fielding, Raymond, 1967, A Technological History of Motion Pictures and Television You may also wish to read more about Louis Ducos de Hauron
Graphoscope - 1864 Devised by Rousell
Graphoscope
Maker unknown, British, 19th century
This dual-purpose viewer folds down to form a shallow box for storage, and when assembled may be adjusted in height to give a range of different viewing angles. The picture to be viewed is supported on the brackets at the rear, and viewed through one or two of the lenses in the hinged front panel, either as a single image or possibly as a stereo pair. The viewer may have been intended to give a heightened perspective effect of certain specially-drawn images, an established 19th century domestic optical entertainment.
The Bill Douglas Centre for the History of Cinema and Popular Culture
The Bill Douglas site is well worth a visit but please, do come back !
'Zoetrope' - 1865 Devised by Antoine F. J. Claudet - article - 'Rotating drums and alternate vision' - Brit. Assn. Rept. 1865, pt. ii. 9. Hopwood, 'Living Pictures', 1899.
Choreutoscope - 1866/69 Projector devised by L. S. Beale - paired a shutter with a Geneva Stop Mechanism (also called a Maltese Cross). also.. c. 1869 - L. S. Beale (of Greenwich) - projection of light through 16 hole shutter - flashes of light illuminated master image of a bust plus, through an aperture in this master image, a second plane showing alternately one face of a set of 2 x 8 faces. The two sets of 8 faces shown sequentially - mechanism not described. "...the resultant grimace was varied in a most amusing way". L. S. Beale then projected - images punched in rotating metal disk - dancing skeleton - disk shutter - the Rotary Choreutoscope - developed a further variation with rising falling shutter in lantern slip (slide) - called Choreutoscope (Ceram says 1866). Hopwood, 'Living Pictures', 1899.
Camera - 1867 Devised by E. Edwards - successive small pictures taken instantaneously on the same plate - British Patent 849, March 23. Hopwood, 'Living Pictures', 1899.
'Zoetrope' - 1867 Devised by W. W. Rose - Development of the Zoetrope - British Patent 3,156, November 8. Hopwood, 'Living Pictures', 1899.
'Zoetrope' - 1867 Promoted by William E. Lincoln - A development of the Zoetrope - American Patent 64,117. Issued April 23, 1867. First use of name Zoetrope. Hopwood, 'Living Pictures', 1899. Rossell, 'Living Pictures', 1998.
'Stanhope' Viewer - c.1865 Devised by Charles Stanhope. Photomicrography (first used 1853) made possible the production of the tiny transparent photos needed for the Stanhope Viewers. Lenses and photos usually made in France. Earliest date from 1860s, made well into 20th century - majority date from 1890s and later, and contain photos containing one to a dozen different views. Jull, Douglas, 1988, Collecting Stanhopes
Stanhope Viewer
A monocular shaped bone viewer
Actual length 19mm
Image Source: Lionel Hughes Photographica
You may also wish to read more about Charles Stanhope
Stereo Thaumatrope - 1867 Devised by Antoine F. J. Claudet - article - 'Stereo Thaumatrope' using images on either side of spinning axis - Phil. Mag. (4), xxxiii. 549. Hopwood, 'Living Pictures', 1899.
Kineograph - 1868 (Thumb Book) Devised by John Barnes Linnett - 'Producing Optical Illusions' - British Patent 925. Filed March 18. Issued September 5, 1868. Hopwood, 'Living Pictures', 1899. Rossell, 'Living Pictures', 1998. also... "'thumb book' as they came to be called" C. Francis Jenkins, 1920, History of the Motion Picture cited in: Fielding, Raymond, 1967, A Technological History of Motion Pictures and Television
Zootrope perfectionée - 1869 Devised by (not constructed?) James Clerk-Maxwell - article - 'Zootrope perfectionée' - concave lenses instead of slots - Les Mondes. xx. 585. You may also wish to read more about James Clerk-Maxwell Hopwood, 'Living Pictures', 1899
The Optic Wonder - 1869 The Stereoscopic Company markets 'The Optic Wonder' - A piece of wire bent to the outline of a vase or similar on rotation gave the impression of a complete vessel. A glass rod bent to a half outline of a glass shade and mounted outside the wire caused the appearance of a complete transparent covering. Later a heavy metal top was used to obtain rotation, the wires being inserted in a hollow vertical spindle. The toy was manufactured in France under the name of 'La Toupie Eblouissante' [The Dazzling Top]. Hopwood, 'Living Pictures', 1899.
Choreutoscope - 1869 (Projecting Phenakistiscope) Projector devised by A. B. Brown (USA) (Ceram calls it a Projecting Phenakistiscope) US Patent 93,594. Issued August 10, 1869 - used a 'star wheel' and pin and two sector shutter. Hopwood, 'Living Pictures', 1899 Rossell, 'Living Pictures', 1998. also... "...the first use of the now almost universally employed geneva gear or star-and-cam in cameras appears to have been made by A. B. Brown in 1869" US Patent 93,594, 1869 C. Francis Jenkins, 1920, History of the Motion Picture cited in: Fielding, Raymond, 1967, A Technological History of Motion Pictures and Television
Projecting Phenakistiscope - 1869 Projector devised by T(homas) Ross - based on Uchatius's machine of 1845 - 53 . T(homas) Ross - Wheel of Life - British Patent 681, [vague concept], March 6, then 1871 - 2,685 [exact concept], October 10. Hopwood, 'Living Pictures', 1899.
Viewer - The "Claude" Glass - c.1870 Inspired by the imagery of Claude Gellée (Lorrain) [b.1600, d.1682] also referred to as 'Black Glass' also... Claude Lorrain(e) Mirror A black glass mirror that is sometimes called a landscape mirror. It was used... "to facilitate the delineation of landscapes in perspective." Another catalogue states... "Obsidian, Claude Lorraine, or Landscape Mirror...for condensing landscapes in true perspective view, and imparting a soft shady tint to the natural colors; a most valuable acquisition for the artist." Gall & Lembke. Illustrated and Descriptive Catalogue, Etc., New York, 1870. http://www.transy.edu/museum/philo.htm You may also wish to read more about Claude Lorrain and the Claude Glass
Phasmatrope - February 1870 Projector devised by Henry R. Heyl - Choreutoscope device - posed images - 18 in nine divisions two openings - ratchet and pawl mechanism - shutter - at Academy of Music in Philadelphia - images 0.75 inches high. Hopwood, 'Living Pictures', 1899. also... "An acquaintance of Charles Coleman Sellers, and likewise a Philadelphian, Henry R. Heyl, also made camera plates (of a dancing couple in action) making from the negatives wet-plate lantern slides which he mounted disc-wise, and revolved step-by-step, in the light of a projection lantern. He [Heyl] gave a public demonstration [of this device] at the Academy of Music, Philadelphia, February 5, 1870" C. Francis Jenkins, 1920, History of the Motion Picture cited in: Fielding, Raymond, 1967, A Technological History of Motion Pictures and Television
Camera - 1870 Étienne-Jules Marey commences study - one lens - single plate . Hopwood, 'Living Pictures', 1899. You may also wish to read more about Étienne-Jules Marey
Stereoscopic Viewer - c.1870 Developed by Charles Wheatstone - a rotated drum of images without a shutter. Essentially a stereoscopic Mutoscope.
Wheel of Life - 1871 Optical device used in a magic lantern devised by T(homas) Ross - a smaller version of Uchatius' device with a single slot shutter (see above 1869).
Thomas Ross' Wheel of Life, 1871
Image Source: Lionel Hughes Photographica
Camera(s) - 1872 Eadweard Muybridge commences study - multiple lens. Hopwood, 'Living Pictures', 1899. You may also wish to read more about Eadweard Muybridge
Photographic Revolver - 1874 Camera devised by astronomer Pierre Jules Ce´sar Janssen (1824 - 1907) - sequentially exposed images around the edge of a circular Daguerrotype plate. also... Devised by Jules Janssen to photograph - Transit of Venus - Japan - focussed on a Heliostat - Maltese Cross intermittent movement - projected image lasted 4 seconds - published 1876 - Bull. Soc. Franc. Phot. Xxii. 100. Hopwood, 'Living Pictures', 1899.
Phantoscope (and later ? Biophantascope) - 1875 Projector devised by John Arthur Roebuck (aka. JAR) Rudge - based on Beale's Choreutoscope, used an intermittent mechanism and showed a sequence of seven images revolving round the lamphouse. This entry is inserted twice as two most reputable sources seemingly place it's appearance at widely differing dates Ceram has it here at 1875 and Coe has it some nine years later at 1884 !
The story continues in Magic Machines - 1876 to 1890
References A comprehensive list of books dealing with this subject is available in the bibliography attached to this site Two most excellent online companions to this work are The Complete History of The Discovery of Cinematography by Paul T. Burns and... Animations the superb recreation of 19th century moving imagery by Charl Lucassen other online sites of particular note... George Eastman House 'Technology Archive' also... The Bill Douglas Centre for the History of Cinema and Popular Culture
Back to the Top | Main Index | Quit | eMail: Dr Russell Naughton |
